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§ THE STACK / AGENT LAYER

Workflow Automation

n8n, Flowise, LLM-native flows

How LLMs reach out and take action: call APIs, browse the web, drive workflows.

What it is

n8n and Flowise are the Zapier of the AI era: visual builders where every node can be an HTTP call, a database query, an LLM call, or a downstream automation. They are how non-engineers ship real agentic systems: drag a Gmail node, an OpenAI node, a Postgres node onto a canvas, click run. The expressive power is genuinely impressive, and that’s why they have caught on in startups, marketing teams, and internal-tools shops.

What goes wrong

Every workflow is a JSON document containing the credentials of every service it touches. The default n8n install exposes the editor at / with no auth on first boot; the operator is supposed to enable basic auth themselves. Many don’t. Flowise has the same shape: visit the IP, see the canvas, see the API keys baked into the OpenAI node, see which CRM is wired to which Gmail account. A single exposed instance can leak the API keys for the operator’s entire SaaS stack, plus a list of every workflow they run.

How we test

We fingerprint the editor by its asset bundle, then read the workflow list through the public REST API (no auth in the default config). Each workflow’s JSON exposes credentials by reference. We resolve the reference through the credentials endpoint and confirm the secret is present without ever exfiltrating it. We catalogue the workflow names because they tell the operator’s story better than any banner: “Daily-report-to-CEO”, “Sync-Stripe-to-Notion”, etc.

Receipts

Research

Every survey, case study, and disclosure we've published that touches this layer of the stack. Counts on the cells above tally these directly.

Field cases

6
Case May 26, 2026

Evolution API WhatsApp Broker — RedisInsight Open, 117 Keys Including WhatsApp Session State and Lead Phone Numbers

Brazilian WhatsApp automation SaaS bmaconnect.com.br runs RedisInsight 2.42.0 with no authentication on port 8001, exposing full read/write access to Redis 7.4.7 (n8n-redis-1). 117 keys confirmed: 7 Evolution API WhatsApp session hashes (208KB to 1.16MB), 108 Brazilian phone number conversation queues across 5 named operator clients, and an n8n scheduling key with unresolved lead-number expression. Evolution API 2.3.7 on port 8080 enforces auth on instance management. n8n 1.122.5 (development mode) proxied via ia.bmaconnect.com.br. Second server at 179.190.63.39 for api./zion-teste. subdomains. 90 unique Brazilian phone numbers exposed in key names.

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Case May 25, 2026

n8n 1.120.0: Legacy REST API Open, Production Billing Backup Workflow Exposed

n8n 1.120.0 on port 5678 at 38.102.86.8 exposes its legacy /rest/ API without authentication. A single active production workflow — billing-backup-to-s3 — is enumerable, including node type and tags. The newer /api/v1/ path enforces auth; the /rest/ path does not.

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Case May 25, 2026

SerGoGram Flowise + Weaviate: IT Credentials from German Blood Donation Organization in Open Vector Store

A Flowise instance at 37.60.255.27 exposes an unauthenticated Weaviate vector store containing internal IT documentation from a German blood donation organization. The corpus includes plaintext server credentials, internal IP addresses, server names, BitLocker PINs, and blood donation operational data. A second tenant's customer support documents occupy the same instance.

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Case May 20, 2026

University AI Infrastructure Exposures

Unauthenticated Ollama, Open WebUI, JupyterHub, and LiteLLM instances discovered on university networks worldwide. Organized by country / state.

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Case May 19, 2026

.edu LLM infrastructure dork-map — 1,584 verified-dork × hostname:.edu sweep (2026-05-19)

The repo's 1,629-dork verified Shodan catalog (29 categories, hand-curated and FP-tested across 50+ prior commercial surveys) was scoped to hostname:.edu and run through shodan count (free per query,…

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Case May 3, 2026

Purdue University (main campus): Account Takeover on n8n Workflow Automation Server

Purdue University main campus (West Lafayette, IN) exposes an Ollama instance at n8n.tap.purdue.edu, the reverse DNS reveals this is a Purdue n8n workflow automation deployment. n8n is a self-hosted A…

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